Sandeep Garg Economics PDF for Class 11 & 12: Free Download

The chapters covered in the PDF of Sandeep Garg Class 11 Economics are discussed as follows.

• Chapter 1: Organization of Data

In the first chapter of Sandeep Garg Economics Solutions for class 11, students learn how to organize and arrange a given data. It has to be arranged in ascending or descending order,  to find the necessary result, as asked in the question. You will get accurate solutions to these questions in the Sandeep Garg Economics Solutions PDF.

• Chapter 2: Tabular Presentation

Here, you learn how to represent particular data in the form of a table. Going through the solutions of this chapter will give you a clear understanding of how to classify the data into different heads while making the table.

• Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Presentation

In the third chapter, bar charts and pie charts are discussed. You will learn how to represent data through bar charts and pie charts.  

• Chapter 4: Graphic Presentation

In this chapter, students are taught how to draw line graphs, histograms, frequency polygons, etc. and fit the provided data in it. 

• Chapter 5: Arithmetic Mean

In the Solutions of the fifth chapter, you will learn how to calculate the arithmetic mean of a particular dataset by both direct and indirect methods.

• Chapter 6: Median and Mode

In chapter 6 of Sandeep Garg Solutions (Class 11 Economics), students will learn how to find out the median of a given dataset. The formula to find the median varies based on the total number of observations. The formula to find the median for an even number of observations is different from that for an odd number of observations.

•  Chapter 7: Measures of Dispersion

Here students learn how to find the range and its coefficient with respect to a given data.

• Chapter 8: Measures of Correlation

In this chapter, the method to calculate the coefficient of rank correlation in data assessment is discussed.

• Chapter 9: Index Numbers

The last chapter Solutions will help students to learn the method of calculating the index number for a given data. The same formula is used to estimate the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in an economy.

Class 12 Chapters Covered in the Solutions of Microeconomics by Sandeep Garg PDF

Given below is a brief on all the chapters of class 12 microeconomics.

• Chapter 1: Introduction to Microeconomics

The first chapter gives an overall brief about microeconomics. Economic scarcity, challenges, problems, etc. have also been discussed in this chapter.

• Chapter 2: Consumer’s Equilibrium

Total utility, marginal utility, the law of diminishing utility, the marginal rate of substitution, indifference curve, etc. have been explained in the second chapter of microeconomics Sandeep Garg.

• Chapter 3: Demand

In this chapter, it is explained what is demand, what are its determinants, the law of demand, demand function, and so on.

• Chapter 4: Elasticity of Demand

Chapter 4 gives a thorough explanation of the elasticity of demand, its formula, price, and some other related concepts.

• Chapter 5: Production Function

It defines the production function along with a symbolic representation. The other contents of this chapter are:

• Factors of production

• Law of Diminishing Returns

• Law of Variable Proportions.

• Chapter 6: Cost

In the Solutions of Chapter 6 of microeconomics by Sandeep Garg PDF, students learn about the term ‘cost’, its measurement, function, average cost, the average variable cost, fixed cost, etc.

• Chapter 7: Revenue

The profit and producer’s equilibrium have been explained in detail in this chapter.

• Chapter 8: Producer’s Equilibrium

It discusses the state of the producer’s equilibrium and its conditions.

• Chapter 9: Supply

Supply, determinants of supply, determinants of market supply, MSS (Market Supply Schedule), etc. have been explained in this chapter.

• Chapter 10: Main Market Forms

The Solutions of these chapters in Sandeep Garg microeconomics PDF gives the definition of a market along with:

• Market structures

• Features of perfect competition in a market

• Monopoly

• Oligopoly.

• Chapter 11: Price Determination with Simple Applications

Here it is explained how the price is determined and affected in a market. Explanations on a viable market, non-viable market, demand-supply relationship, etc. are also provided in this chapter.

Chapters Covered in the Solutions of Macroeconomics by Sandeep Garg PDF

Given below is a brief on all the chapters of class 12 macroeconomics Sandeep Garg solutions.

• Chapter 1: Circular Flow of Income

It discusses how the circular flow of income and its different phases work in an economy.

• Chapter 2: Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics

The following topics are covered in the second chapter.

• Factors of production

• Current Transfers

• Gross investment

• Depreciation

• Capital

• Capital loss

• Chapter 3: National Income and Related Aggregate

The third chapter covers the calculation of national income, NDP (National Domestic Product), GNP (Gross National Product), NNP (Net National Product), domestic income, etc.

• Chapter 4: Measurement of National Income

This chapter covers the Net value addition at market price, Factor cost, and Value of output.

• Chapter 5: Money

In this chapter of macroeconomics Sandeep Garg details the barter system, characteristics of money, money supply, bank money, DDA, etc.

• Chapter 6: Banking- Commercial Banks and the Central Bank

Bank of issue, SLR, CRR have been explained in this chapter.

• Chapter 7: Aggregate Demand 

In the seventh chapter of macroeconomics Sandeep Garg PDF, students learn the basics of aggregate propensity to save and consume.

• Chapter 8: Income Determination and Multiplier

This chapter covers numerical problems based on finding out multipliers to determine various measures.

• Chapter 9: Excess Demand and Deficient Demand

The contents of this chapter are:

• Excess demand

• Inflationary gap

• Deficient demand

• Margin requirement.

• Chapter 10: Government Budget and the Economy

The chapter explains revenue deficits, fiscal deficits, revenue expenditures, and how to calculate them.

• Chapter 11: Foreign Exchange Rates

FOREX has been explained in this chapter, along with spot exchange.

• Chapter 12: Balance of Payments

Some topics in this chapter are:

• Balance of trade

• Current account

• Capital account

• Trade deficit

• Trade surplus

You can download the PDF of Sandeep Garg Economics Solutions for Class 11 and 12 to prepare effectively for your upcoming exams.

How Sandeep Garg Solutions PDF will Help you Prepare Well for Economics 11 & 12th? 

• Due to its vast syllabus, Economics is considered as one of the toughest subjects in class 11th & 12th Commerce and Arts syllabus, thus our solution pdf provides an explanation to concepts in the simplest way possible.

• Since 11 & 12th Economics contains a lot of formulas, numerical, graphs and new concepts the solution pdf will explain them all step-by-step.

• The solutions given in the pdf are created by our economics subject matter experts, which makes the solution pdf descriptive, to the point and truly accurate.

• Basic concepts of micro and macroeconomics like National Income, Demand, Supply, Balance of Payments, Mean, Median & Mode can be easily understood by our detailed answers pdf. 

How to Score Well in Class 11 and 12 Economics? 

To score well in class 11 and 12 Economics follow the pointers listed below: 

Definitions and Meanings

• To understand the subject properly, definitions need to be accompanied by logic and reasoning.

• For scoring good marks, you need to memorize the definitions after understanding them so that you can write them precisely in the exam.

Difference Between Questions

• It is important to note that there are a lot of differences between questions asked in 11th as well as 12th economics exams that need to be written in tabular forms. 

• Don't forget to explain why certain questions differ from others.

Graphs, tables, and formulas Play Important Role

• Class 11th and 12th Economics is supported by tables, graphs, and formulas in which the concepts are expressed in an easy to understand manner.

• It is important that you practice drawing graphs regularly so that you will be able to learn how to draw various curves this way.

• It is important to practice tables and graphs together because they include calculations and formulas.

• Make sure to understand the formula's meaning and derivation before memorizing it. Make a chapter-wise formula sheet and revise it regularly once you understand the formula's meaning.

Numerical

• Numerical questions are essential to score well in both the 11th and 12th classes. Make sure you prepare numerical questions of both micro and macroeconomics.

• Make sure you practice numerical questions of all chapters from the textbook and sample papers before appearing for the exam. 

Revision

• You need to compile your notes, practice registers, formula sheets, and then begin revising as a good revision is crucial for success.

• As you practice, allocate the time available between all the chapters and start answering the questions you find difficult.